Python numbers

1. Python knows about several types of number
   • integer
   • float
   • complex
   • binary, octal, hex

2. Here is how to to write numbers of these types:

   123           # integer
   -456          # negative
   +789          # positive
   1_000_000     # underscores may be used for grouping
   0O77          # octal
   0O666         # octal
   0b101010101   # binary
   0xbadcafe     # hexadecimal
   3.1415926     # float
   10.           # float
   .001          # float
   1e100         # float
   3.14e-10      # float
   0e0           # float
   0123e012      # float, but careful! Not octal
   3j            # imaginary
   1+2j          # complex
   

3. Python's has a range of arithmetic operators with the familiar infix syntax.

   Name	Operator
   Negation	- a
   Positive	+ a
   Addition	a + b
   Subtraction	a - b
   Multiplication	a * b
   Division	a / b
   Division with floor	a // b
   Modulo	a % b
   Exponentiation	a ** b
   Equality	a == b
   Difference	a != b
   Ordering	a < b
   Ordering	a <= b
   Ordering	a >= b
   Ordering	a > b

4. Division in Python returns a float (/). The integer division operator (//) returns an int.

   8/2
   9/2
   2/8
   2/9
   6.7/3
   6.7//3
   

5. Even more math functions are available in the math library.